American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences
The American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences is multidisciplinary peer reviewed Journal intended to publish original research papers, review articles, short communications and technical reports in all main branches of science (All scientific disciplines) such as Social Sciences , Natural Sciences , Formal Sciences, and Applied science. (but not limited to): anthropology, archaeology, communication, criminology, education, government, linguistics, international relations, political science, sociology, Earth science, Ecology, Oceanography, Meteorology, Life science, Human biology, Decision theory, Logic, Mathematics, Statistics, Systems theory, Theoretical computer science, Applied physics, Computer science, all Fields of engineering, Accounting, , Education, Economics, Medical Technology, Biology, Medicine, Management, History, Mineralogy, Civil Engineering, Marine Technology, Commerce, Chemical Engineering, Animal Sciences, Petroleum & Gas, Energy Resources, Agriculture, Medical Sciences, Machine Learning, Machinery, computer Science, Chemistry, Neural Networks, Physics, Social Science, Geology, Transportation, Waste Management, Control Engineering, Applied Mathematics, Oceanography, Biomedical Materials, Construction, Metallurgy, Neural Computing, Industrial Arts, IT, Astronology, Fire & Fire Prevention, Robotics Marine Sciences, Solid State Technology, Business Administration, Food &Food Industry, Atmospheric Sciences, Artificial Intelligence, Textile Industry & Fabrics, Education science, Physiology, Nano Science, Microbiology, Psychology, Statistics, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genetics, Botany, Veterinary Sciences, Biotechnology, Biochemistry, Zoology, Oncology, Accounting, Entomology, Parasitology, Evolution, human behavior, Biophysics, Fisheries, Pharmacology, Geography, Cell Biology, Genomics, Plant Biology, Law, Religious Studies, Endocrinology, Dentistry, Infectious Diseases, Toxicology, Immunology, Teacher education, and Neuroscience. This International journal usually will provide the Editor's decision based on the peer review results within 4 weeks (28 days) from the paper submission date. The journal accepts scientific papers for publication after passing the journal's double peer review process. For detailed information about the journal kindly check About the Journal page.
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A Sustainable Integration of Green IoT for Smarter and Greener Cities
As urban areas expand, the need for intelligent, energy-conscious infrastructure becomes urgent. The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized urban environments by enabling smart systems that enhance efficiency, public services, and daily life. However, traditional IoT can be energy-hungry and ecologically taxing. Green IoT emerges as a solution that marries technological advancement with environmental sustainability. This paper delves into the convergence of Green IoT and smart cities, outlining how the fusion can lead to more sustainable urban futures. It examines current technologies, real-world applications, ethical concerns, challenges, and potential pathways for innovation. Ultimately, the paper provides a comprehensive look at how Green IoT can serve as a backbone for building resilient, responsive, and environmentally friendly cities.
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Identification of Constraints in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Production in the Irumu Territory
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a key staple crop in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), providing essential calories for millions of people. Despite its importance, cassava production in the Irumu territory has declined due to a complex interaction of technical, socio-economic, biotic, and abiotic constraints. Farmers face limited training, poor adoption of improved techniques, and reliance on rudimentary tools (75.8%), while restricted access to credit (100%), inputs, and insecurity (98.8%) exacerbate production challenges. Climatic variability, including droughts (63.3%) and excessive rainfall (36.7%), along with high prevalence of diseases such as cassava mosaic and pervasive weeds (100%), further reduce yields. These findings highlight the urgent need for integrated interventions combining farmer training, adoption of resistant cassava varieties, improved access to inputs and credit, climate adaptation strategies, and strengthened farmer organizations. Implementation of such measures is expected to enhance productivity, resilience, and food security in Irumu.
Challenges and Solutions in Power-Train System Integration: The Critical Role of Power Electronics and Model-Based Systems Engineering
This review paper examines the challenges and solutions in electric power-train multi-domain system integration, focusing on the critical role of power electronics and systems integration in modern automotive complex systems. The transition from internal combustion engines to electric propulsion has introduced multi-domain complexities, necessitating advanced methodologies like Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) to manage complex systems interdependence. Electric power train has three most important components: high voltage battery, electric motor and power electronics. The paper highlights key challenges of systems integration, reliability gaps in cyber-physical integration, and the lack of standardization in power electronics integration as an example basis for understanding system integration challenges. Emerging solutions, including advanced thermal management techniques and digital twin technologies, are discussed as promising directions for future research. The review underscores the need for standardized approaches and AI-driven co-design platforms to address the growing complexity of automotive power-trains while ensuring safety and efficiency.
Biogenic Nanomineral Formation: Exploring the Role of Microbial Metabolism in Shaping Subsurface Geochemistry
This study explores the mechanisms, pathways, and geochemical implications of biogenic nanomineral formation driven by microbial metabolism within subsurface environments. Microorganisms—including bacteria, archaea, and fungi play a crucial role in generating nanominerals through biologically controlled and biologically induced mineralization processes, mediated by complex metabolic reactions such as iron and sulfate reduction, sulfur oxidation, and redox cycling. These microbial activities give rise to structurally and chemically distinct nanominerals such as magnetite, greigite, pyrite, manganese oxides, carbonates, and metal sulfides, which differ significantly from their abiotic counterparts in crystallinity, morphology, and reactivity. At the nanoscale, extracellular polymeric substances, cell wall functional groups, and metabolic by-products act as catalytic interfaces for nucleation, growth, dissolution, and stabilization of mineral nanoparticles. The study highlights how microbial redox transformations regulate metal mobility, influence geochemical gradients, and shape the mineralogical evolution of sediments, soils, and aquifers. Furthermore, it demonstrates that biogenic nanominerals serve essential functions as redox buffers, contaminant immobilizers, nutrient reservoirs, and biosignatures in both modern and ancient environments. These nanoscale products also contribute to larger processes such as bioremediation, biomineral-based energy cycling, and the long-term stabilization or mobilization of metals. Overall, the findings underscore microbial nanomineral formation as a major driver of subsurface geochemistry, emphasizing the need to integrate microbiology, mineralogy, and geochemical modeling to understand elemental cycling, environmental transformation processes, and the evolution of Earth’s mineral diversity.
Gray Hair and Hair Strengthening: A Professional Guide for Hairdressers and Colorists
Gray hair has become an increasingly common concern among clients seeking professional coloring services, not only due to aesthetic considerations but also because of changes in hair strength, density, and fiber quality. As clients’ awareness of hair biology grows, professionals are expected to understand the trichological mechanisms underlying depigmentation and structural alterations of gray hair. The purpose of this study is to analyze the biological and structural factors associated with hair depigmentation and to address the problem of maintaining hair fiber quality during coloring procedures. The research problem focuses on the gap between scientific knowledge of gray hair formation and its practical application in professional coloring practice. The study was conducted using a structured analysis of peer-reviewed scientific literature on hair follicle biology, oxidative stress, and melanogenesis, combined with applied professional coloring and care practices. The methodology integrates biological mechanisms of graying with practical diagnostic and cosmetic strategies. The results of the analysis demonstrate that gray hair differs significantly from pigmented hair in terms of follicular activity, oxidative balance, and fiber structure, which directly affects its behavior during coloring procedures. These findings support the need for adapted coloring techniques and targeted care strategies when working with gray hair. This work is significant as it provides an evidence-based framework that helps professionals understand the biological processes behind hair graying, improve coloring outcomes, and support hair fiber strength and quality through informed cosmetic and care decisions.
A Cost-Optimized, Edge-Based Smart CCTV Surveillance System for Sustainable Security in Resource-Limited Environments
This paper provides the design and implementation of a smart CCTV surveillance system, which combines the use of Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity, edge computing, and wireless communication to resolve the constraints of the conventional surveillance systems. The suggested architecture uses a mathematical model in optimal positioning of cameras, which involves field-of-view, tilt angle, and spacing formulae, and uses low-power elements to improve energy efficiency and scalability. Such functionalities as real-time motion detection, automated alert generation and hybrid cloud-edge storage (consuming less bandwidth) are key. A pilot was used in a controlled office scenario, and its performance compared to a baseline system based on traditional DVR. Quantitative findings reveal that there was a 40% reduction in manual monitoring interventions and also the amount of energy used during the normal working situation was reduced by 30%. The motion detection accuracy of the system was 92% in the field of view that the camera was configured to cover. Nevertheless, the execution of the system is determined by the stability of the network connection when operating remotely, and the edge-processing latency rises as the video stream is of high resolution. Despite these shortcomings, the framework is a cheaper and modular method of sustainable security check in urban and limited resource settings.
Agentic AI Security & Autonomous Red-Teaming
Recent progress in foundation models and multi-agent orchestration systems has increased their capabilities and also their attack surface. Cyber-physical systems and edge devices serve both as a target of deployment and as an enabler of operation. The security issues surrounding these enabling mechanisms are already becoming a reality, but the implications of these issues on AI-driven ecosystems are under-researched. In contrast to traditional security areas, threats in agentic AI environments are difficult to anticipate due to their dynamic execution contexts, lack of standardized operational baselines, and the unpredictable behaviors arising from autonomous and emergent agent strategies. This paper examines these challenges and proposes a forward-looking security approach centered on continuous model verification, alignment assurance, and transparency tooling tailored to agentic systems. The framework emphasizes early, automated, and lifecycle-integrated security validation, augmented by autonomous red-teaming to proactively surface weaknesses. The findings suggest that embedding self-assessing security mechanisms into agentic AI pipelines enables more resilient, adaptive, and accountable intelligent systems.
Isolation and Biochemical Analysis of Microorganisms Found in Stored Maize
Stored maize is susceptible to microbial contamination, which poses significant risks to food safety and public health. This study investigated the isolation, enumeration, and biochemical characterization of microorganisms found in stored maize samples. Serial dilutions of the samples were inoculated onto Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and Sabouraud dextrose agar using spread techniques. Bacterial counts ranged from to CFU/ml, while fungal counts ranged from to CFU/ml. Biochemical and morphological analyses identified Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa among the bacterial isolates, while fungal isolates included Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, and Rhizopus microsporus/stolonifer. The presence of both pathogenic and spoilage organisms highlights the potential health hazards of improperly stored maize and underscores the importance of effective storage practices and microbial monitoring to ensure food safety.
Agronomic and Social Adaptation to Climate Change in Subsistence Farming, Central Angola
Climate change poses an increasing threat to rain-fed agricultural systems across sub-Saharan Africa. In the central highlands of Angola, subsistence farmers now face recurrent droughts, shifting rainfall patterns and rising temperatures that have the potential to reduce productivity and threaten food security. Within a local climate change context this paper identifies and assesses agronomic and social adaptations adopted by smallholding subsistence farmers in the Huambo Province of Angola. Using a mixed-methods approach that combines household surveys and participatory interviews of 418 farmers, the study establishes how climate variability is perceived and how farmers are adapting. Findings reveal high awareness of climatic change among respondents - over 85% observed reduced rainfall and prolonged dry spells. A range of agronomic, land management practices and social organisations that can mitigate climate change impacts on subsistence farming communities are also identified. The research emphasises the role of indigenous knowledge, community cooperation, and low-cost soil conservation in strengthening resilience. Policy recommendations that would further enhance resilience include promoting small-scale irrigation, improving climate information services, and integrating local knowledge into local extension services and national adaptation frameworks.
Knowledge Gain and Mindset Shift as Mediators in Transnational Education: A Structural Equation Modeling Study
The study investigates a ten-day technology enhanced learning camp that the British University in Egypt (BUE) hosted for forty Libyan students. Pre- and post-camp questionnaires assessed domain knowledge of robotics, first aid, and creative thinking; international higher education literacy; and academic self-efficacy, while qualitative data (from observations, focus groups, and reflective writing) contextualized the findings.The results showed statistically significant gains in all areas of interest. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to test whether perceived knowledge gain and shifts in academic mindset mediated the relationship between workshop quality and confidence in international academic planning, as indicated by global fit indices showing good model-data fit. For example, CFI = 0.96; TLI = 0.95; RMSEA = 0.06. The qualitative themes corroborate the quantitative trends, including the value of hands-on lab exposure, research-tool training, and structured navigation of admissions and scholarships.Researchers argue that short-format, technology enhanced learning (TEL-rich), trans-national programs can reduce information barriers, strengthen academic self-efficacy, and catalyze regional higher-education cooperation in post-conflict contexts. We conclude with the implementation guidance and a replicable framework for TEL-oriented internationalization initiatives in North Africa.
Live Tool Holders for CNC Lathes: A Review of Cooling, Modeling & Industry 4.0 Integration
Live tooling has become essential for CNC lathes, enabling milling, drilling, and other operations in a single setup to improve productivity and geometric accuracy. However, emerging trends in advanced cooling (MQL, HPC, cryogenic, hybrid), finite-element modeling of cutting processes and machine structures, and Industry 4.0 connectivity are not systematically applied to live tool holder design. This review synthesizes these developments and analyzes their implications for driven tool internals: how high-pressure coolant demands new seal and passage architectures, how MQL requires optimized atomization channels, how FEM enables stiffness and thermal optimization, and how thermal growth affects gear trains and bearings. Critical industry gaps are highlighted, including the lack of live tool benchmarking standards, integrated multi-physics FEM frameworks, and hybrid cooling research for rotating heads. The paper proposes an integrated design workflow linking process models, machine dynamics, and holder optimization, and identifies smart sensor integration as a key Industry 4.0 opportunity. By connecting broader CNC advances to live tool holder requirements, this work provides a roadmap to enhance capability, reliability, and sustainability of driven tooling in advanced manufacturing.
Finite Element Analysis and Structural Weight Reduction of a CNG Cylinder Mounting Frame Using SIMP-Based Topology Optimization
The structural design of compressed natural gas (CNG) cylinder mounting frames for commercial vehicles demands a rigorous balance between weight efficiency and structural safety. This study presents a systematic finite element analysis (FEA) and topology optimization investigation of a 4×3 CNG cylinder support frame modelled in SolidWorks 2024 and analysed in ANSYS Workbench 2020 R2. The SIMP (Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization) method is used to minimize structural compliance at a target volume fraction of 0.60–0.70. An applied cylinder loading force of 8,000?N across 48 saddle faces, combined with Standard Earth Gravity (9,806.6?mm/s²), served as the primary load inputs. Fixed support boundary conditions were applied at four chassis mounting feet. Baseline FEA results revealed a maximum principal stress of 10.925?MPa, total strain energy of 312.2?mJ, and a maximum equivalent elastic strain of 1.5282×10???mm/mm. Following topology optimization at a converged volume fraction of 0.62, the frame achieved 37.7% mass reduction and 45.1% compliance reduction while maintaining a minimum safety factor of 22.3, well above the regulatory threshold of 2.0. The deformation increase was limited to 9.3%, within the 15% design acceptance limit. These results confirm that SIMP-based topology optimization is an effective tool for lightweight CNG frame design without compromising structural integrity.
SEMSCORE-TFIDF: A Lightweight Semantic-Statistical Retrieval Framework for Multilingual FAQ Systems in Higher Education
The template is used to format your paper and style the text. All margins, column widths, line spaces, The proliferation of international student enrolments at universities worldwide has created an acute demand for information retrieval systems capable of interpreting linguistically diverse, grammatically variable queries. Conventional FAQ retrieval engines—primarily grounded in term-frequency heuristics such as TF-IDF and cosine similarity—systematically fail when confronted with paraphrased, code-switched, or non-native-speaker formulations. This paper presents SEMSCORE-TFIDF (Semantic Scoring with Contextual TF-IDF Weighting), a novel hybrid retrieval algorithm that augments statistical term weighting with Word2Vec-based semantic similarity scoring and a contextual proximity weighting mechanism. Implemented in MATLAB for deployment on standard CPU-based infrastructure, the framework requires no GPU acceleration and no task-specific neural pretraining, making it immediately deployable in resource-constrained institutional environments. Experiments on a 500-query visa-domain corpus demonstrate statistically significant improvements in Precision@5, Recall, F1-Score, and Mean Reciprocal Rank over TF-IDF, BM25, TF-IDF+Word2Vec, and a simulated sentence encoder baseline. An additional error analysis on 80 paraphrased non-native queries identifies residual failure categories and maps a concrete path toward further refinement. SEMSCORE-TFIDF offers a transparent, scalable, and practically viable solution for multilingual FAQ retrieval in higher education contexts.
Solution of the Generalized Pythagorean Equation; x2+y2=n! and Formula ? by Number Theory
In this paper, we are interested in studying the generalized Pythagorean equation: $$x^2+y^2=n!\quad \quad n\in \mathbb{N}\quad (x,y) \in \mathbb{Z}^2.$$ Furthermore, the non-principe Dirichlet character module 4, defined as follows: $$\chi(d)=\left\{\begin{array}{c} 1 \quad if \quad d\equiv 1(mod 4)\\ -1 \quad if \quad d\equiv 3(mod 4)\\ 0 \quad if \quad d \>is \>even \end{array} \right.$$ Using Jacobi's Two-Square Theorem, we show that the total number of lattices in the circle of radius $r=\sqrt{N}$ is equal $\sum^N_{n=1}\sum_{d|n}\chi(d)$.\\ Finally, Application: the formula for $\pi$ by number theory is given by $$\pi=\lim_{N\rightarrow +\infty}\frac{4}{N}\bigg(\sum^N_{n=1}\sum_{d|n}\chi(d)\bigg)=4(1-\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}-\frac{1}{7}\cdot\cdot\cdot\cdot).$$
RANS Turbulence Model Sensitivity in Automotive External Aerodynamics: k-? vs. k-? SST Across Sedan and Compact Body Styles with Mesh Independence and y? Verification
This paper presents a rigorous three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation of external aerodynamics for two passenger vehicle body styles — a sedan (Geometry A) and a compact/hatchback (Geometry B) — executed in ANSYS Fluent 2020 R2 with the central objective of quantifying RANS turbulence model sensitivity to vehicle body form. Both geometries are simulated at identical inlet velocity V = 27.78 m/s and Reynolds number Re = 3.42×10?, ensuring a Reynolds-matched, single-variable comparison. The standard k-? model is applied to Geometry A (y? ? 65, wall-function regime), while the k-? Shear Stress Transport (SST) model is applied to Geometry B (y? ? 1.2, direct near-wall integration). New simulation results for the compact geometry reveal a maximum domain velocity of 48.94 m/s and a minimum pressure of ?1,487 Pa — a 76% and 94% increase respectively over the sedan values of 35.21 m/s and ?766 Pa — demonstrating substantially more intense adverse pressure gradients and wider separated wake. A three-level mesh independence study (GCI = 0.96%) validates numerical convergence. Predicted drag coefficients are Cd = 0.318 (sedan) and Cd = 0.341 (compact), validated against six published references. The study establishes a quantitative criterion: turbulence model sensitivity scales with rear-body separation intensity — k-? introduces 1.3% Cd error for the sedan but 3.6% for the compact, confirming k-? SST is physically essential for hatchback aerodynamics.
Recent Development and Intervention on the Parasitological Study of Toxoplasma Gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is a globally prevalent protozoan parasite and the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, a disease of medical and veterinary importance. This review provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in the parasitological study of T. gondii. This study highlights advances in epidemiological surveillance, molecular diagnostics, and intervention strategies. The genetic diversity and virulence of T. gondii strains have been clarified through modern genotyping techniques such as restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and whole-genome sequencing, leading to improved classification and understanding of transmission dynamics. The application of genome-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, has enabled precise identification of genes critical for parasite survival and pathogenicity, particularly in response to host-derived oxidative stress. The emergence of organoid and three-dimensional (3D) culture models has bridged the gap between traditional in vitro and in vivo studies, providing physiologically relevant systems to investigate host-parasite interactions. Despite these advances, challenges remain in global genotyping, therapeutic development, and chronic infection management.
Constraints on Residential Housing Development in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana
Quality housing is the engine of growth for every country due to the numerous benefits it provides for economic and social development. Residential housing is of no exception. Adequate quality residential housing development provision is vital. However, residential developers and building contractors in the developing countries such as Ghana usually meet constraints in the process of executing residential housing projects. This study was designed and structured purposely to identify such constraints as well as establishing pragmatic measures which can be adopted to address or minimize such constraints. To begin with, researchers took time to conduct review on the various kinds of residential developers currently existing and operating in Ghana’s real estate industry, identify constraints they face and measures to adopt in addressing the identified constraints. Thereafter, a quantitative approach was adopted where a survey of questionnaires were distributed to some selected real estate developers, building contractors and building project managers who are directly involved in residential housing development projects in Greater Accra Region of Ghana through referrals in collecting primary data. Out of the 160 questionnaires distributed, 152 were received which represented 95% response rate. The gathered data were screened and analysed by using SPSS software. It was discovered through this research study that the unstable inflation rate, high interest rate, land acquisition challenges, delay of development permit approval and high cost of land servicing are the main constraints impeding residential housing development. The study further suggests that the Government of Ghana should be advised to develop economic policies that can stabilize inflation, lower interest rate, speed up permit approvals whiles developers also take initiative to form PPPs with the key role players in providing cost effective land servicing exercises and conducting due diligence when acquiring lands for residential housing development projects.
Impact Assessment of On-site Sanitation System on the Quality of Groundwater in Rural Areas of Patna, Bihar
In rural part of Bihar Pit latrines and Septic tanks are commonly used as a constituent of onsite sanitation system. These may affect ground water by contaminating through lateral leaching during monsoon. Present study was to investigate the impact of onsite sanitation system on groundwater quality in two distantly located villages Nawada and Shekhpura of Patna district Bihar. For microbial assessment across three season, MPN technique was used for coliform density and isolated colonies on selective media were characterized through biochemical test. Further antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using kirby Bauer disk diffusion method against selected antibiotics. Result show severe faecal contamination. High MPN indices during monsoon indicating heavy leaching from nearby OSS structure. Many isolates confirm faecal contamination. AST result reveals multi drug resistive strains. Result outcomes suggest that shallow aquifer in these rural settings is significantly impacted by leaching through OSS. Presence of MDR bacteria in drinking water sources leads to substantial public health risk. These findings indicate that shallow aquifers in both villages are significantly affected by lateral leaching from OSS during rainfall. This suggests an urgent need for improved OSS design, routine groundwater monitoring and targeted public health interventions to mitigate microbial and antibiotic-resistant contamination risks.
Study of Antibiotic Resistivity of Some Bacteria from Selected Fish Species of Patna
Infection caused by pathogens transmitted to humans by various means and fish is one of them. Fish are susceptible to various microorganisms (bacterial pathogens) which is the part of the micro environment. The purpose of this study was for isolation of bacteria from fish organ and impact of generic antibiotics upon isolated bacteria for potential checking. The study conducted between October to December, 2019 in the Department of Biotechnology, by selecting three species of fish Eutropiichthys vacha (Batchwa), Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass Carp) and Labeo rohita (Rohu) from local fish market of Patna district. Possible bacteria isolated from fish are: Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus subtilis/P. aeruginosa, Vibrio cholera, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi from the selected organ are gills, intestine, heart, liver and muscle. The isolated bacteria identified by using biochemical test (iMVIC) and antibiotics susceptibility test was conducted for testing impact of antibiotics on it by using 13 antibiotics were used in this work. The result of the study showing that rohu fish sold in the market has highly bacterial contamination and antibiotics resistance. We are strongly suggested the urgent need to improve the quality of fish supplied in the fish market Patna.