Antibiotic Resistance Profiles among Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Wastewater in Septic Tanks

Authors

  • Christopher Mutuku Department of Biological Sciences, Chuka University, P.O Box, 109-60400, Chuka, Kenya.

Keywords:

Enteric bacteria, multidrug resistance, septic tanks, wastewater.

Abstract

This study was carried out to assess the antibiotic resistance profiles of 95 isolates of enteric bacteria obtained from wastewater in septic tanks within Chuka University in Kenya which houses laboratories, animal farm, crop demonstration and research farm, student hostels and a health Centre. The isolates were differentiated into four genera. E.coli was the predominant organism (41 isolates). The others were Salmonella (19), Proteus (13) and Klebsiella (22). The strains were subjected to different classes of antibiotics including ?-lactams, macrolide, tetracycline and sulfa drugs. The study revealed an increase in resistance to Penicillins and a decreased resistance to the tetracycline and the cephalosporin assayed. 84.2% (80) of the strains resisted amoxyclav, 76.8% (73) ampicillin and 64.2% (61) oxacillin. Others were vancomycin 47.4% (45), erythromycin 47.4% (45), co-trimoxazole 41.1% (39), doxycycline 36.8% (35) and ceptazidime 31.6% (30). All the strains recorded multiple drug resistance with E.coli being the most resistant to the antibiotics, followed by Salmonella, Klebsiella and Proteus. Drug resistance in E.coli was significantly different from the other strains, P<0.05. However, drug resistance between Salmonella and Klebsiella strains was not significantly different (P>0.05). Drug sensitivity among the four bacterial genera was not significantly different (P=0.01). It is anticipated that the findings of this study will provide an understanding of the changing antibiotic resistance trends in enteric bacteria from sewage effluent and help design improved sewage treatment strategies to contain the spread of drug resistance which poses a great public health risk. The report also emphasizes the necessity of continuous surveillance of antibiograms of enteric bacteria in order to rationalize their treatment protocols.

References

[1]. I. Ahmad, J.N.S. Yadava, S. Ahmed. “High level transferable resistance among E.coli.” Indian J Animal Sci. 64: 439-445, 1994.
[2]. F. Baquero, M.C. Negri, M.L. Morosini, J.Blazquez. “Antibiotic selective environments”. Clinical infectious diseases 27:S5-S11, 1998.
[3]. A.W. Bauer, W.M.M. Kirby, J.C. Sherris, M. Turch. “Antibitoic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method.” American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45:493-6, 1966.
[4]. J.A. Berkley, B.S. Lowe, I. Mwangi, T. Williams, E. Bauni, S. Mwarumba. “Bacteremia among children admitted to a rural hospital in Kenya.” N Engl J. Med. 352: 39-47, 2005.
[5]. H.I. Boga, P.O. Okemo, W.E. Mwatha, J. Muthanga, M.K.Tsanuo,J.R. Ikungura . “Heavy metal tolerance and antibiotic resistance profiles of gram negative bacteria isolated from Lake Victoria, Kenya.” Journal of Tropical Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3(2): 20-26, 2007.
[6]. J.G. Cappuccino, Sherma N. “Microbiology: A laboratory manual.” 3rd ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Pub Comp, INC; Redwood city, California, 1995.
[7]. A. Carratoli. “Plasmid-mediated Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica.” Curr. issues Mol biol. 5.113-122, 2003.
[8]. M. Cheesebrough. “Medical laboratory manual for tropical countries.” University press, Cambridge. Pages 29-31, 1990.
[9]. I. Chopra, M. Roberts. “Tetracycline antibiotics: mode of action, applications, molecular biology and epidemiology of bacter.ial resistance.” Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev 65:232-260, 2001.
[10]. F.J. Cooke, J. Wain. “The emergence of antibiotic resistance in Typhoid fever.” Travel Med Infect Dis. 2:67-74, 2004
[11]. G.L. French. “The continuing crisis in antibiotic resistance.” Int J Antimicrob Agents 36:S3-S7, 2010.
[12]. L. Guardabassi, A. Dalsgaard. “Occurrence and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in sewage.” Paper presented to Danish Environmental protection agency, 722:1-59, 2002.
[13]. R.H. Gustafson, J.S. Kiser. “Nonmedical uses of tetracyclines.” P405-446. In J.J Hlavka and J.H. Boothe (ed), Handbook of experimental pharmacology, vol 78. Springer-verlag KG, Berlin, Germany, 1995.
[14]. P.J Harley M. Prescott. “Laboratory exercises in Microbiology.” 3rd Ed. Times Mirror Higher Education Group, Inc. P.24, 1996.
[15]. M. Hermansson, G.W. Jones, S. Kjelleberg. “Frequency of antibiotic and heavy metal resistance, pigmentation and plasmids in bacteria of the marine air-water interface.” Appl Environ Microbiol. 53: 2338-2342, 1987.
[16]. R.P. Herwig, J.P. Gray, D.P. Weston. “Antimicrobial resistant bacteria in surficial sediments near Salmon net-cage farms in Puget sound Washington.” Aquaculture, 149: 263-283, 1997.
[17]. K. Hiramatsu, N. Aritaka, H. Hanaki. “Dissemination in Japanese hospitals of strains of Staphylococcus aureus heterogeneously resistant to Vancomycin.” Lancet, 324: 601-612, 1997.
[18]. D. Houghton. “Antimicrobial resistance in the Intensive Care Unit: Understanding the problem.” AACN Clin 3:410-420, 2002.
[19]. A. Jain, R. Mondal. “Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of extended spectrum ?-lactamase producing Klebsiella spp isolated from cases of neonatal septicaemia.” Indian J med Res. 125: 89-94, 2007.
[20]. S. Kariuki, G. Revathi, N. Kariuki, J. Kiiru, J. Mwituria, C.A. Hart. “Characterization of community acquired non typhoidal Salmonella from bacteraemia and diarrhoeal infections in children admitted to hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.” BMC Microbiol. 6:101 10.1186/1471-2180-6-101, 2006.
[21]. S.B. Levy. “Resistance to the tetracyclines.” P.191-240. In L.E Bryan (ed), Antimicrobial drug resistance. Academic press, Orlando, FL. 1984.
[22]. A.G. Mathew, R. Cussell, S. Liamthong. “Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with food animals.” A United States perspective of livestock production. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 115-33, 2007.
[23]. Z.A. Mohammad, A. Farrukh, A. Igbal, A. Shamin. “Incidence and transferability of antibiotic resistance in the enteric bacteria isolated from hospital wastewater”. Braz J Microbiol. 44 (3): 799-806, 2013.
[24]. S. Monchy, A. Benotmane, P. Janssen, T. Valleys, S. Taghan, D. Vander Lelie, M. Mergeay. “Ralstonia metallidurans.” FEMS microbial Review, 27 (2-3): 385-410, 2003.
[25]. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. “Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically.” NCCLS approved standard m7-As and informational supplement m100-S19. Wayne, PA USA, 2000.
[26]. E. Presterl, R.H. Zwick, S. Reichmann, A. Aichelburg, S.Winker, P.G. Kremsner. “Frequency and Virulence properties of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in Gabon.” Am J Trop Med Hyg. 69:406-10, 2003.
[27]. S. Rao, J. Van-Donkersgoed, V. Bohaychuk, T. Besser, X.M.Song, B. Wagner, D. Hancock, D.Renter, D.Dargatz, P.S. Morley. “Antimicrobial drug use and antimicrobial resistance in enteric bacteria among cattle from Alberta feedlots.” Foodborne Pathog dis. 7:449-57, 2010.
[28]. A. Schluter, R. Szczepanowski, A. Puhler, E.M. Top. “Genomics of Incp-1 antibiotic resistance plasmids isolated from wastewater treatment plant provides evidence for a widely accessible drug resistance gene pool.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews 31((4):449-477, 2007.
[29]. D. Senerwa, O. Olsvik, L.N. Mutanda, K.J. Lindavist, J.M. Gathuma, K.Fossum, “Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli serotype 0111: HNT isolated from preterm neonates in Nairobi, Kenya.” J Clin Microbiol. 27: 1307-11, 1998
[30]. J. Silva, G. Castillo, L. Callejas, H.Lopez, J. Olmos. “Frequence of transferable multiple antibiotic resistance amongst coliform bacteria isolated from a treated sewage effluent in Antofagasta, Chile.” Electronic J Biotechnol. 9:533-540, 2006.
[31]. F. Tanvir, F. Khiyani. “Antibiotic resistance: a global concern.” J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 21: 127-129, 2011.
[32]. T. Tennstedt, R. Szczepanowski, I. Krahn, A. Puhler, A. Schluter. “Sequence of the 68,869 bp Incp-1 alpha plasmid PTB 11 from a wastewater treatment plant reveals a highly conserved backbone. A Tn402-like integrin and other transposable elements.” Plasmid, 53 (3): 218-238, 2005.
[33]. J. Vila, M. Vargas, C. Casals, H. Urassa, H. Mshinda, D. Schellemberg. “Antimicrobial resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children under the age of 5 years from Ifakara, Tanzania.” Antimicrob Agents Chemorther. 43: 3022-4, 1999.
[34]. World Health Organization (WHO). “WHO global strategy for containment of antibiotic resistance.” Geneva Organization, 99, 2001.

Downloads

Published

2017-01-13

How to Cite

Mutuku, C. (2017). Antibiotic Resistance Profiles among Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Wastewater in Septic Tanks. American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 27(1), 99–107. Retrieved from https://www.asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/2530

Issue

Section

Articles