Characterization and Efficacy of Bio-oil Obtained from Liquefied Hardwood Bark as Wood Preservative
Keywords:
Detarium senegalense, weight loss, Gmelina arborea, solvolysis liquefaction, Coniophora puteana, co-solventAbstract
The efficacy of bio-oil obtained via solvolysis liquefaction of Detarium senegalense J.F. Gmel bark as bio-preservative against fungi attack on Gmelina arborea wood was investigated, as a way of contributing to unrelenting researches aimed at achieving sustainable environment and preserving lignocellulosic materials. Ethanol, water and co-solvent of ethanol/water were used to directly liquefy D. senegalense bark at 300oC for 30min. The result of the structural compositional characterization reveals that, D. senegalense bark is composed of an average of 35.2% lignin, 46.8% cellulose and 18.0% hemicellulose. The result of the elemental analysis also showed that Detarium senegalense is composed of 53.82% carbon, 36.8% oxygen, 7.32% hydrogen, 0.14% nitrogen and 0.08% sulphur. Molecular weight characterization of the bio-oil as determined by the Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) revealed the bio-oils obtained from liquefaction using ethanol, water and ethanol/water mix had molecular weights of 15.56 x 102 Da, 14.17 x 102 Da, and 16.93 x 102 Da at an average respectively. Viscosity of the bio-oil obtained from liquefaction with ethanol/water was the highest and it was observed that viscosity increases as percentage concentration of the bio-oils increases. The FT-IR characterization of the bio-oils revealed the presence of primarily phenolic compounds and their derivatives such as benzenes, aldehyde, long-chain and cyclic ketones, alcohols, ester, organic acid, and ether compounds. Wood samples of Gmelina arborea of dimensions 50 x50 x 300mm were impregnated using vacuum method. The wood samples were exposed to brown rot fungi; (Coniophora puteana) for a period of 6 weeks. The percentage weight loss was determined. Maximum protection against the fungi was obtained using the co-solvent of ethanol/water at all the concentration levels.
These results strongly suggested that synergistic effect of co-solvent of ethanol and water enhances the durability of Gmelina arborea wood at all levels of concentration. It was however, observed that high concentration does not implies ability to cause minimal weight loss in Gmelina arborea wood treated liquefied bio-oils. From this investigation, it was established that bio-oil obtained via solvolysis liquefaction of Detarium senegalense bark is a potential bio-preservative against fungi attack on of Gmelina arborea wood
References
M.O Akanbi, M O, Ashiru (2002). A handbook of forest and wood insects of Nigeria, Agba Areo publishers, Ibadan, pp 66.
R.C. G Peralta, E.B Menezes, A.G Carvalho, E.L Aguiar-Menezes, R. Arvore, (2004), 28(2), 283-289.
E.O Onuorah. (2000) Wood preservative potentials of heartwood extracts of Milicia excelsa and Erythrophleum suaveolens. Bioresource Technology. 75(2), 3-171.
G. Dobele I. Urbanovich, A. Volpert, V. Kampars and E. Sarnulis.(2007) "Fast pyrolysis-effect of wood drying on the yield and properties of bio-oil," Bio Resources 2(4), 699-706.
A, Temiz, M. H Alma, N, Terziev, S, Palanti, S., and E. Feci. (2010) "Efficiency of bio oil against wood destroying organisms," 1. Biobased Mater. Bioenergy 4: 1-7.
A. Effendi, H. Gerhauser and A.V Bridgewater. (2008). Production of renewable phenolic resins by thermochemical conversion of biomass: A review. Renewable Sustainable Energy Review. 12: 2092-2116.
E. Gallego, F.J Roca, I.F Perales, X Guardino and M. J Berenguer, M. J. (2008) "VOCs and P AHs emissions from creosote-treated wood in a field storage area," Sci. Total Environment. 402:130-138.
A. Adenkunle, A. Afolayan, B. Okoh, T., Omotosho, C; Pendota, and A. Sowemimo, A. (2011). Chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, proximate analysis and mineral content of the seed of Detarium senegalense J.F Gmel. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(48): 9875-9879.
A.A. Ogunwusi. (2012). “Wood properties of Detarium senegalense, a lesser used tropical timber growing in Nigeria,” Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare. 2(10) ISSN 224 - 3208 (Paper), ISSN 225-093x (online)
www.getamap.com 2017
ASTM D1105-96. (2007)Standard test method for preparation of extractive-free wood.
J.B. Sluiter, R.O. Ruiz, C.J. Scarlata, A.D. Sluiter, and D.W.Templeton. (2010) Compositional analysis of lignocellulosic feedstocks. 1. Review and description of methods. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 58: 9043–9053.
C., Mané, N., Sommerer, T. Yalcin, V. Cheynier, R. B Cole, and H. Fulcrand. Assessment of the molecular weight distribution of tannin fractions through MALDITOF MS analysis of protein-tannin complexes, Analytical Chemistry, 2007, 79: 2239-2248.
European Standard,"EN 113 (1999): Determination of the toxic values against wood destroying basidiomycetes cultured on agar medium,"
J .M; Harkin and J.W; Rowe. (1971) Bark and its possible uses, Forest Research Note 091 (4): 056-9 71, Forest Products Laboratory, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
V.G Serrano, J .P Villegas, A.P Florindo, C. D Valle and C.V Calahorro. (1996) FT-IR study of rockrose and of char and activated carbon. Journal Analytical Applied Pyrolysis. 36: 71-80.
P; Das, T; Sreelatha and A; Ganesh. (2004) Bio oil from pyrolysis of cashew nutshell characterization and related properties. Biomass Bioenergy. 27: 265-275.
M.N; Islam, M.R.A Beg and M. R Islam. (2005) Pyrolytic oil from fixed bed pyrolysis of municipal solid waste and its characterization. Renewable Energy. 30: 413-420.
Zhao, Y; Yan, N and Feng, M. (2010) Characterization of phenol–formaldehyde resins derived from liquefied lodgepole pine barks. International journal of adhesion and adhesives.
B; Freel, and R. G. Graham. (2004). Modification of wood by treatment with low molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde resin:A properties enhancement with neutralized phenolic-resin and resin penetration into wood cell walls Wood Science and Technology 2004, 37(5):349-361
A. Pizzi. (1993). Wood Adhesives Chemistry and Technology, Vol.1. Marcel Dekker, NewYork,
S; Cheng; I D‘cruz, M; Wang, M; Leitch and C; Xu, C. (2010). Highly efficient liquefaction of woody biomass in hot-compressed alcohol-water co-solvents. Energy Fuel.24 (9): 4659–4667. “Critical literature review of relationships between processing parameters and physical
P.E. Savage. (1999).Organic chemical reactions in supercritical water. Chemical Review. 1999, 603621.
N; Akiya, and P.E Savage. (2002) Roles of water for chemical reactions in high-temperature water. Chemistry Review. 102: 2725-2750.
Y; Matsumura, H; Nonaka, H; Yokura, A; Tsutsumi, K and Yoshida. (1999). Co-liquefaction of coal and cellulose in supercritical water. Energy Fuel. 78: 1049-1056.
S; Karagoz, T; Bhaskar, A; Muto, and Y Sakata. (2004) Effect of Rb and Cs carbonates for production of phenols from liquefaction of wood biomass. Fuel. 83: 2293–2299.
C; Xu, and N; Lad. (2008). Production of heavy oils with high caloric values by direct liquefaction of woody biomass in sub-/near-critical water. Energy Fuel. 22: 635–642.
J.E. Miller, L. Evans, A. Littlewolf and D.E Trudell. Bath. (1999). microreactor studies of lignin and lignin model compound depolymerization by bases in alcohol solvents. Energy Fuel. 78: 1363–1366.
T; Ogi, and S; Yokoyama. (1993). Liquid fuel production from woody biomass by direct liquefaction. Sekiyu Gakkaishi, 36: 73-84.
D; Pasquini, M.T.B Pimenta, L. H. Ferreira and A. A. S Curvelo. (2005). Extraction of lignin from sugarcane bagasse and Pinus taeda wood chips using ethanol–water mixtures and carbon dioxide at high pressures. Journal Supercritical Fluids. 36: 31–39.
L; Li and E. Kiran (1988): Interaction of supercritical fluids with lignocellulosic materials. Industrial Engineering Chemical Resources. 27: 1301-1312.
S; Palantini and D; Susco.(2004). A new wood preservative based on heated oil treatment combined with triazole fungicides developed for aboveground conditions, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation .54: 337-342.
D. Mohan, J. Shi, D. D Nicholas, C.U; Pittman, Jr. P.H., Steele, J. E. Cooper. (2008). Fungicidal values of bio-oils and their lignin-rich fractions obtained from wood/bark fast pyrolysis. Chemosphere.71 (3), 65-456.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who submit papers with this journal agree to the following terms.
